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Politics of the United Arab Emirates takes place in a framework of a federal, presidential, absolute monarchy. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a federation of seven constituent monarchies: the Emirates of Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah, and Umm al-Qaiwain. According to convention, the ruler of Abu Dhabi is President of the United Arab Emirates, the head of state, and the ruler of Dubai is the Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates, the head of government. ==Law== The UAE's judicial system is derived from the civil law system and Sharia law. The court system consists of civil courts and Sharia courts. According to Human Rights Watch, UAE's civil and criminal courts apply elements of Sharia law, codified into its criminal code and family law, in a way which discriminates against women. Judicial corporal punishment is a legal form of punishment in UAE due to the Sharia courts. Flogging is used in UAE as a punishment for criminal offences such as adultery, premarital sex and prostitution.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Torture and flogging )〕 In most emirates, floggings of Muslims are frequent with sentences ranging from 80 to 200 lashes.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=UAE: Judicial corporal punishment by flogging )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=United Arab Emirates )〕 Between 2007 and 2013, many people were sentenced to 100 lashes.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Prison for couple who conceived outside of wedlock )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=DUBAI: Alleged victim of gang rape sentenced to one year in prison )〕 Moreover, in 2010 and 2012, several Muslims were sentenced to 80 lashes for alcohol consumption.〔(【引用サイトリンク】year=2010 )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】year=2012 )〕 Under UAE law, premarital sex is punishable by 100 lashes.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Woman denies affair after hearing she faces stoning )〕 Stoning is a legal form of judicial punishment in UAE. In 2006, an expatriate was sentenced to death by stoning for committing adultery.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=UAE: Death by stoning/ flogging )〕 Between 2009 and 2013, several people were sentenced to death by stoning.〔 In May 2014, an Asian housemaid was sentenced to death by stoning in Abu Dhabi. Sharia law dictates the personal status law, which regulate matters such as marriage, divorce and child custody. The Sharia-based personal status law is applied to Muslims and sometimes non-Muslims.〔 Non-Muslim expatriates are liable to Sharia rulings on marriage, divorce and child custody.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Britons 'liable to Sharia divorces' in UAE )〕 Sharia courts have exclusive jurisdiction to hear family disputes, including matters involving divorce, inheritances, child custody, child abuse and guardianship of minors. Sharia courts may also hear appeals of certain criminal cases including rape, robbery, driving under the influence of alcohol and related crimes.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://dubai.usconsulate.gov/emergency_uae_court.html )〕 Apostasy is a crime punishable by death in the UAE. UAE incorporates hudud crimes of Sharia into its Penal Code - apostasy being one of them.〔Butti Sultan Butti Ali Al-Muhairi (1996), (The Islamisation of Laws in the UAE: The Case of the Penal Code ), Arab Law Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 4 (1996), pp. 350-371〕 Article 1 and Article 66 of UAE's Penal Code requires hudud crimes to be punished with the death penalty,〔〔Al-Muhairi (1997), Conclusion to the Series of Articles on the UAE Penal Law. Arab Law Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 4〕 therefore apostasy is punishable by death in the UAE. Emirati women must receive permission from male guardian to remarry. The requirement is derived from Sharia, and has been federal law since 2005.〔 In all emirates, it is illegal for Muslim women to marry non-Muslims.〔 In the UAE, a marriage union between a Muslim woman and non-Muslim man is punishable by law, since it is considered a form of "fornication".〔(United Arab Emirates International Religious Freedom Report, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2009) )〕 Homosexuality is illegal: the death penalty is one of the punishments for homosexuality. Article 80 of the Abu Dhabi Penal Code makes sodomy punishable with imprisonment of up to 14 years, while article 177 of the Penal Code of Dubai imposes imprisonment of up to 10 years on consensual sodomy. Kissing in public is strictly illegal and can result in deportation, kissing in public is a crime punishable by deportation. Expats in Dubai have been deported for kissing in public.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Women get jail and deportation for kissing on Dubai public beach )〕 Article 1 of the Federal Penal Code states that "provisions of the Islamic Law shall apply to the crimes of doctrinal punishment, punitive punishment and blood money."〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://www.unodc.org/tldb/showDocument.do?documentUid=6385&country=UAE )〕 The Federal Penal Code repealed only those provisions within the penal codes of individual emirates which are contradictory to the Federal Penal Code. Hence, both are enforceable simultaneously.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.mafhoum.com/press2/brib76.pdf )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Politics of the United Arab Emirates」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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